Fela Kuti: Coffin For Head Of State

From the late 1970s onward, Fela's lyrics became longer, more complex and ever more confrontational. Coffin For Head Of State, first released on Kalakuta in 1981, is an outstanding example. It is one of several albums on which Fela responded to the Nigerian army's destruction of his Kalakuta Republic compound on 18 February 1977, and focuses particularly on the outrage's contribution to the subsequent death of his mother.

Attacked by an estimated 1,000 soldiers, Kalakuta was burnt to the ground and many of its residents, including Fela, were beaten, raped or otherwise physically abused. Fela's mother, aged 78, a veteran of Nigeria's struggle for independence from British colonial rule and a pioneering campaigner for Nigerian women's rights, was thrown from an upstairs window, fracturing a leg and suffering lasting trauma, contributing to her passing the following year.

The first half of Coffin For Head Of State, however, deals with the harmful impact of Islam and Christianity on African culture. To the backing chorus's response, "waka waka waka" (walk walk walk), Fela says that he has seen the stagnation and corruption both these imported religions have caused during his walks, by which he means travels, around Nigeria.

..."I waka many business anywhere in Africa," sings Fela during the first half of the song, "North and south them get them policies, one Christian and the other one Muslim / Anywhere the Muslims them they reign, na senior Alhaji na him be director / Anywhere the Christians them they reign, na the best friend to Bishop na him be director... These money making organizations them come put we Africans in total confusion..."

The second half of the album describes a more particular, and literal, walk Fela made, accompanied by his family and members of his Young African Pioneers organisation, on 30 September 1979, the day before General Obasanjo stepped down from the Nigerian presidency (for the first time; he later returned to office). Fela held Obasanjo personally responsible for his mother's passing on 13 April 1978, citing the trauma caused by the army's sack of Kalakuta.

Before Obasanjo left office, Fela was determined to castigate him personally for the outrage by depositing a symbolic coffin outside Obasanjo's residence at Dodan army barracks. Outwitting the army's attempt to cordon off the area (Fela had announced his intention to the press days earlier), during which soldiers fired warning shots at his party, Fela succeeded.

Focusing on the Obasanjo regime, Fela sings: "Them steal all the money / Them kill many students, them burn many houses / Them burn my house too, them kill my mama / So I carry the coffin, I waka waka waka / Movement of the People, them waka waka waka / Young African Pioneers, them waka waka waka / We go Obalende, we go Dodan barracks / We reach them gate-o, we put the coffin down / Obasanjo dey there, with him big fat stomach / Yar'Adua dey there, with him neck like ostrich, we put the coffin down / Them no want take am, them no want take am / Who go want take coffin...?"

On leaving the barracks, Fela and his companions were beaten by soldiers, forced into trucks and thrown into jail.

Coffin For Head Of State marked the beginning of Fela's second purple period, a decade-long string of hard-hitting albums, interrupted only by Fela's 1984-5 spell in prison on trumped up currency-smuggling charges.